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March 29, 2025 by Mishal Ali
Key Takeaways:
- Ethereum’s Layer 2 security and finalization are evolving with rollups advancing to higher stages.
- A proposed 2-of-3 finality system could provide near-instant security while maintaining decentralization.
- A shared ZK aggregation layer could significantly reduce costs and improve efficiency for Layer 2 solutions.
Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has introduced a structured roadmap to enhance Layer 2 (L2) security and finality. His proposal aims to strengthen Ethereum’s rollup ecosystem by simplifying security mechanisms and finality times.
Ethereum’s L2 ecosystem is now progressing, with three rollups having hit Stage 1. The next Pectra upgrade is expected to introduce six blobs, with Fusaka predicted to take this capacity to 72.
Additionally, Zero-Knowledge Ethereum Virtual Machines (ZK-EVMs) are improving, leading to quicker transaction finalization and more trustless verification.
One of the priorities is in the area of blob expansion availability, which scales by making rollups contain more data efficiently. While Pectra will provide an initial boost, Fusaka can bring exponential gains in data availability.
These developments are central to addressing Ethereum’s growing requirement for quick, cheap transactions across its expanding ecosystem.
The 2-of-3 Finality System for Faster Security
Buterin’s roadmap proposes a practical finality system that uses a combination of Optimistic, ZK, and Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) proofs. The mechanism ensures that a state root has instant finality when both ZK and TEE provers verify it.
If the root is only verified by a single prover, the system mandates a further seven-day waiting period, during which an Optimistic Proof process can address any possible conflicts.
This architecture strengthens Ethereum’s Stage 2 decentralization with a mix of security, trustlessness, and practicality. It employs multiple proofs combined to reduce the reliance on a single method and optimize efficiency.
A restricted upgrade rights security council provides immediate TEE logic upgrades and phased ZK/Optimistic proof upgrades. These checks and balances prevent centralization from occurring, preserving Ethereum’s ethos. 4o
The solution mitigates ZK-proof risks by pairing Optimistic and TEE proofs, which minimizes single-point failures. It enhances security, speeds up finality, and paves the way for full trustlessness as ZK proofs evolve.
Ethereum’s Layer 2 Advances with Shared ZK Aggregation
A crucial step in the development of Ethereum’s Layer 2 is the shared ZK aggregation layer. ZK-EVMs are progressing towards generating proofs within a single block slot, which is essential for Layer 1 integration.
Basically saying:
L2 security and finality are evolving fast:
•3 rollups now at Stage 1
•Pectra brings 6 blobs, Fusaka may raise that to 72
•ZK-EVMs improving with faster proof times and better safety
Next up:
•Instant finality using a 2-of-3 system: ZK, Optimistic, and TEE…
The goal is a unified system where Layer 2 solutions, privacy protocols, and zk-based wallet recovery can all provide proof to the same aggregator.
This approach radically lowers the transaction cost by aggregating multiple proofs into one proof. Instead of each application paying an individual gas cost for proof verification, a single aggregate proof would bring efficiency, lowering fees and increasing throughput.
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